جون جون بابا

Pope Joh VIII

Pope Joh VIII (La i : Ioa es VIII; died 16 Decembe 882) was he bishop of Rome a d ule of he Papal S a es f om 14 Decembe 872 o his dea h. He is of e co side ed o e of he ables popes of he 9 h ce u y.1

Joh devo ed much of his papacy a emp i g o hal a d eve se he Muslim gai s i sou he I aly a d hei ma ch o hwa ds. Whe his effo s o ob ai assis a ce f om ei he he F a ks o he Byza i es failed, Joh s e g he ed he defe ses of Rome. He suppo ed Me hodius of Thessalo ica i his missio o he Slavs, defe ded him agai s he Ca oli gia ule s a d Bava ia cle gy, a d au ho ized he a sla io of he Bible i o Slavo ic. Joh also ex e ded diploma ic ecog i io o he Duchy of C oa ia a d esolved he Pho ia schism. Joh ‘s po ifica e e ded wi h his assassi a io , a d he papacy became sig ifica ly weake i he af e ma h.

Co e s

Slavo ic li u gyedi

Pope Ad ia II co sec a ed Me hodius of Thessalo ica as a chbishop a d suppo ed his missio o he Slavs. U bek ow s o Rome, Me hodius was imp iso ed i 870 by he Ca oli gia Ki g Louis he Ge ma a d Bava ia bishops, who objec ed o his use of he Slavo ic la guage i he li u gy a d his e c oachme o hei ju isdic io i Mo avia.2 Ad ia II died i 872, a d Joh VIII, a Roma a ive,3 was selec ed o succeed him. Whe Bishop A o of F eisi g visi ed Rome, Joh i qui ed abou he whe eabou s of he missi g Me hodius, bu A o lied o him. I he summe of 873, Joh fi ally lea ed he u h. Fu ious, he fo bade he celeb a io of mass i Bava ia u il Me hodius was eleased.4 Af e his elease, Me hodius came o Rome a d co vi ced Joh o allow him o a sla e he Bible o Slavo ic as well as o pe fo m li u gy i Slavo ic. Joh w o e: He who made h ee mai la guages – Heb ew, G eek, a d Roma – also made all o he la guages o si g his p aise a d glo y.5

Sa ace i cu sio sedi

As a you g ma , Joh wi essed he A ab aid agai s Rome. Thei expa sio i o I aly was seve ely affec i g he eco omy of he Papal S a es.3 Af e he aids agai s Campa ia a d he Sabi e Hills, Pope Joh asked fo mili a y aid f om Empe o Cha les he Bald a d la e Cou Boso of P ove ce.6 His effo s failed a d he was fo ced o pay ibu e o he Emi a e of Sicily.7 The h ea e i g Muslim mili a y p ese ce (which he believed was God’s pu ishme agai s bad Ch is ia s),8 coupled wi h allia ces hey fo med wi h he local Ch is ia s, p omp ed Joh o p omo e a ew a d u comp omisi gly hos ile view of he Sa ace s. This i cluded a ba o fo mi g allia ces wi h he Muslims. Howeve , his effo s p oved u successful,9 pa ly because Ch is ia leade s viewed his calls fo u i y as a excuse o asse papal au ho i y i sou he I aly.8

I 876, Joh VIII aveled h oughou Campa ia i a effo o fo m a allia ce amo g he ci ies of Sale o, Capua, Naples, Gae a a d Amalfi agai s Muslim aids. By 877, all five ci ies se delega es o T aie o o fo malize a allia ce.10 Pope Joh VIII u ged Cha les o come o his defe ce i I aly. Cha les agai c ossed he Alps, bu his expedi io was eceived wi h li le e husiasm by he obles, a d eve by his ege i Lomba dy, Boso, a d hey efused o joi his a my. A he same ime Ca loma of Bava ia, so of Louis he Ge ma , e e ed o he I aly. Cha les, ill a d i g ea dis ess, s a ed o his way back o Gaul, bu died while c ossi g he pass of Mo Ce is o 6 Oc obe 877.11

Ob ai i g ela ively li le suppo f om ou side sou ces, Joh fell back o wha esou ces he could comma d. He ei fo ced he walls p eviously es o ed by Pope Leo IV. As he Basilica of Sai Paul Ou side he Walls was loca ed ou side he Au elia Walls, a d had bee damaged i a Sa ace aid, he pope fo ified he basilica, he mo as e y, a d he ea by dwelli gs of he peasa s. He also fou ded a papal flee .5

Co s a i ople p oblemsedi

I 879, Joh ecog ised he ei s a eme of Pho ios I as he legi ima e pa ia ch of Co s a i ople. Pho ius had bee co dem ed i 869 by Ad ia II. This was u de ake mai ly o appease he Byza i es, si ce i hem he saw he o ly hope of emovi g he A abs f om I aly.12 I was commo ly believed ha some ime af e wa d Joh VIII e-co fi med he excommu ica io of Pho ius, which eve ually e abled Empe o Leo VI o move agai s Pho ius.13 Howeve , mode schola ship pa icula ly i flue ced by Ca holic schola F a cis Dvo ik has demo s a ed his o be a La i my h, as Pho ius died i visible pe fec commu io wi hi he Roma Chu ch.

Joh was a xious ha he Duchy of C oa ia would follow i he s eps of Bulga ia, which had ece ly accep ed he spi i ual au ho i y of Co s a i ople a he ha ha of Rome. Af e he ove h ow of he p o-Byza i e Zdeslav i 879, Joh ha ked he ew duke, B a imi , fo e u i g C oa ia o papal ju isdic io . I e u , Joh ecog ized C oa ia i depe de ce f om he Ca oli gia s.14

Dea hedi

Joh VIII was assassi a ed i 882 by his ow cle ics; he was fi s poiso ed, a d he clubbed o dea h.5 The mo ives may have bee his exhaus io of he papal easu y, his lack of suppo amo g he Ca oli gia s, his ges u es owa ds he Byza i es, a d his failu e o s op he Sa ace aids.15 Wi hou he p o ec io of powe ful mag a es o he Ca oli gia empe o , he papacy af e Joh VIII’s eig became i c easi gly subjec o he machi a io s a d g eedy ambi io of he ival cla s of he local obili y.5

See alsoedi

Refe e cesedi

 This a icle i co po a es ex f om a publica io ow i he public domai : He be ma , Cha les, ed. (1913). Pope Joh VIII. Ca holic E cyclopedia. New Yo k: Robe Apple o Compa y.

جون بابا

جون بابا (۱۴ يوليو ۱۹۴۵ بمانيلا في الفلبين – ۲۷ أكتوبر ۲۰۰۵ بباراناك في الفلبين) هو لاعب كرة سلة فلبيني في مركز هجوم صغير الجسم، شارك في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية ۱۹۷۰ وبطولة أمم آسيا لكرة السلة ۱۹۶۷ وبطولة أمم آسيا لكرة السلة ۱۹۷۱ والألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية ۱۹۷۲ ودورة الألعاب الآسيوية ۱۹۶۶ والألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية ۱۹۶۸٫۱